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Basics of Networks!



Network = Collection of computers connected via a wired or wireless connection.

Purpose of network : Remote Communication (systems connected in a network can "talk to each other"), Resource sharing, File sharing, Information sharing, grouping.

To connect a network with another network that uses a different technology, a router is needed.

There are basically two main types of networks.

1. LAN - Local Area Network: A collection of computers and resources (like printer, scanner etc) privately owned and managed by a company/organization

The company can use a wired cable or wireless technology. There is good security and reliability here.

Ex: A network owned by a private company in a particular floor of a particular Arcade/Building usually in few hundreds of meters of area like 200 mts.

2. WAN: Wide Area Network: A WAN covers larger area than LAN. It typically connects different networks. A LAN is easier to build and maintain than a WAN.

Internet is the largest WAN. 



Internet can be defined as a network of networks. A collection of computers or resources or data that is globally accessible and available anytime and anywhere. Popularly called WWW, the Internet is owned and maintained by W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)

A website is a collection of web pages. 

A web page is a collection of information organized in many forms like data, images, multimedia or other organized structures like tables, charts etc.

In order for a website to be live, It needs a Domain and Hosting.

Domain = A unique name for your website that uniquely maps to an internal number (IP address) to identify the website. Mapping is done by DNS (Domain Naming Server). Names were introduced because numbers are long and difficult to remember.

To know the domain details you can use the website whoisdomain.com.

ex. the domain www.google.com internally maps to IP addresses 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4 for IPv4 service, and 2001:4860:4860::8888 and 2001:4860:4860::8844, for IPv6 access. The addresses are mapped to the nearest server by the use of "anycast routing algorithm".

IPv4: 32-bit addressing which limits address space up to 4294967296 (232) unique addresses (depleting already)

IPv6: 128-bit addressing which limits address space up to 2128 possible addresses. It is basically for the  foreseeable future. It is still in the implementation phase.




 
Hosting: To get your website to be live and working, it needs to be deployed on a server. For which you need to buy space and bandwidth on the server.

Server: A computer with high processing and storage capabilities that serves the information/requests from the client. Its like a server in a hotel who serves you what you ask for.
 ex. Yahoo, Google, Bing 

Bandwidth: It is the maximum capacity of a network transmission i.e a measure of how much of data can be transfered in bits per second (bps). That is what you see as uplink and downlink transmission rates (usually in few Mbps or Gbps).

Client: A computer on the network that requests other computers on the network for some data or service. 

Baseband & Broadband

Usually LANs use baseband transmission. In Baseband there is one signal transmission per line. This means the channel or line is occupied or busy when one device is sending data. 

In broadband multiple signals travel through the medium at any instant of time.

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Some Interesting facts about networks:


1. MIT introduced the technology behind the Internet in 1960.

2. The first message transmitted on Network was "LOG". The user actually wanted to type LOGIN but the network crashed with huge amount of data being transferred after typing the letter G (low bandwidth).

3. http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html was the first ever Internet page that was created with information about world wide web (WWW) project and ways to create your own hyper links but it was not saved.

4. ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Net ) was the basis for the Internet. It was developed under the direction of the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1969. 

5. Every month there are over 1 million domain names registered. So there are lots of websites.

To be continued...
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