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  Normalization in database design is a process used to organize data to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves dividing a database into multiple tables and define relationship between them. There are several types of anomalies that can arise when a database is not normalized. The three main types of normalization anomalies. 1.       Insertion anomaly An insertion anomaly normally occurs when you can’t insert data into the database without the presence of other data.   Students StudId StuName Course Instructor 1 Jack Math Prof. Raghu 2 Jim Science Prof. Radha 3 Harry Computer Science Prof. Venkat 4 Henry Digital Marketing Prof. Jasmine 5 Rose Finance Ms. Smith   The colleg...

DBMS Types Data Independence Three schema architecture DBMS users Dr.E.F.Codd’s rules for RDBMS (0-12) ER Model SQL DDL – CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME DML – INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE DCL – GRANT, REVOKE, CREATE USER, DROP USER TCL – COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT DATATYPES, OPERATORS(ARITHMETIC,RELATIONAL) CONSTRAINTS (PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK) WHERE CLAUSE ORDER BY ASC | DESC DISTINCT GROUP BY - HAVING FUNCTIONS 1.      SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS(UPPER,LOWER,SUBSTR,INITCAP,LENGTH,TRIM,LTRIM,RTRIM) 2.      AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS(MIN,MAX,SUM,AVG,COUNT) 3.      NUMBER FUNCTIONS(ROUND,CEIL,FLOOR,ABS,MOD,SQRT,POWER) 4.      DATE FUNCTIONS(TO_DATE,ADD_MONTHS,TO_CHAR,NEXTDAY,MONTHS_BETWEEN, SYSDATE) 5.      NULL FUNCTIONS(NVL,NVL2,COALESCE) OPERATORS IN NOT IN BETWEEN AND IS NULL LIKE, NOT LIKE PATTERN MATCHING IS ...