TechSpiration

DBMS Types Data Independence Three schema architecture DBMS users Dr.E.F.Codd’s rules for RDBMS (0-12) ER Model SQL DDL – CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME DML – INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE DCL – GRANT, REVOKE, CREATE USER, DROP USER TCL – COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT DATATYPES, OPERATORS(ARITHMETIC,RELATIONAL) CONSTRAINTS (PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK) WHERE CLAUSE ORDER BY ASC | DESC DISTINCT GROUP BY - HAVING FUNCTIONS 1.      SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS(UPPER,LOWER,SUBSTR,INITCAP,LENGTH,TRIM,LTRIM,RTRIM) 2.      AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS(MIN,MAX,SUM,AVG,COUNT) 3.      NUMBER FUNCTIONS(ROUND,CEIL,FLOOR,ABS,MOD,SQRT,POWER) 4.      DATE FUNCTIONS(TO_DATE,ADD_MONTHS,TO_CHAR,NEXTDAY,MONTHS_BETWEEN, SYSDATE) 5.      NULL FUNCTIONS(NVL,NVL2,COALESCE) OPERATORS IN NOT IN BETWEEN AND IS NULL LIKE, NOT LIKE PATTERN MATCHING IS ...

Imagine you have a very smart robot helper. You want it to tell the difference between apples and bananas. Normal Programming In normal computer programming, a human writes exact rules: “If it’s yellow and long → banana” “If it’s round and red → apple” The computer follows instructions exactly. But real life is messy: Bananas can be green Apples can be yellow Pictures can be blurry Writing every rule becomes hard. What Is AI? Artificial intelligence (AI) is when computers do tasks that seem “smart.” Examples: Understanding speech Recognizing faces Recommending videos Answering questions Driving cars AI is the big umbrella term. What Is Machine Learning? Machine learning (ML) is one way to build AI. Instead of giving the computer every rule, you give it lots of examples. For example: 10,000 apple pictures 10,000 banana pictures The computer studies them and learns patterns by itself. That learning process is called training . A Kid Learning Example Think about how a child learns animals...

Artificial Intelligence (AI)   Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are related fields in computer science, but they have different meanings. AI is the broader concept of creating machines that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence. ML is a branch of AI that enables machines to learn from data and improve over time. AI focuses on developing systems capable of problem-solving, decision-making, language understanding, planning, and recognizing objects or sounds. The field became more organized in the 20th century, especially after Alan Turing’s contributions and the establishment of AI research in 1956. AI is generally divided into two types:  Narrow AI  General AI  Narrow AI(Weak AI)  is designed for specific tasks such as voice assistants, recommendation systems, and facial recognition.  General AI(Strong AI)  refers to machines with human-like intelligence capable of handling multiple tasks, although it is still theoret...

Intro to Programming Programming language is a language in which develop programs program is a  set of instructions - on what to do & how to do a task Computer is a dumb machine that does nothing until you tell it what to do and how to do with the help of a program. Levels of programming language ---------------------------------------- computer understands only binary language - (binary means it is made up of only two things - 0 and 1) - programming in binary language is very difficult and time consuming  1. Low level or Machine language - programming done with 0's and 1's very fast and efficient - very difficult for developers 2. Middle level language - Consists some keywords - mnemonics - we can program using mnemonics  ADD, MUL, STO, MOV - little slower than low level , translation needed, time consuming  a bit easier for programmer Ex. 8086 - Microprocessors  3. High level language - English like language - speed is low, translation needed...