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Basics of Programming

Intro to Programming


Programming language is a language in which develop programs
program is a  set of instructions - on what to do & how to do a task
Computer is a dumb machine that does nothing until you tell it what to do and how to do with the help of a program.

Levels of programming language
----------------------------------------
computer understands only binary language - (binary means it is made up of only two things - 0 and 1) - programming in binary language is very difficult and time consuming 

1. Low level or Machine language - programming done with 0's and 1's
very fast and efficient - very difficult for developers
2. Middle level language - Consists some keywords - mnemonics - we can program using mnemonics 
ADD, MUL, STO, MOV - little slower than low level , translation needed, time consuming 
a bit easier for programmer
Ex. 8086 - Microprocessors 
3. High level language - English like language - speed is low, translation needed, 
easy for developers
Ex. C, C++, Java, Python etc.

We need translators which convert middle or high level language to low level language. This job is done by software
1. Compiler - translates the source code to binary all at once
2. Interpreter - translates the source code line by line

we need software to develop the code and also need software to translate code

Software --> is a set of programs
1. System Software - Operating System - software needed to start the system - Windows, Linux, Unix, MacIntosh....
2. Application Software - Any software which runs in System software
MS office , VLC Media player, TempleRun , Super Mario

Program can be divided in to functions - one big task can be divided in to smaller tasks - for easy development - later we combine/call all functions  in to  one main function 
Function is a group of statements - which performs a task
For example
 Student Management System - software may be divided in to following functions
Student info -- function
Student Marks -- function
Student Result -- function

Programming Paradigm(Style/Model/Types of programming)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Structured/Procedure Oriented Programming
2. Object Oriented Programming


1. Structured/Procedure Oriented Programming
Program  is divided in to  functions - data is not secure
Ex. C language, C++ (hybrid)
We have a main() method calling other functions 
Top Down approach - Divide big problem in to smaller problems/functions                 
 Reusability is high.
Flexibility is less 

Example: (In C language)
-------------------------------
int result(int marks1, int marks2, int marks3){
return (marks1+marks2+marks3);
}

void main()
{
int m1, m2, m3;
  m1 = 45; m2 = 90; m3=89;
int result = result(m1,m2,m3);
}



2. Object Oriented Programming
---------------------------------------
The basic unit of programming here is an Object
Object 
---------
Real world entity - anything existing in the world is an Object
Every object has some attributes/properties that help us to uniquely identify it and it exhibits some behavior.
Ex. Bank Account, ATM Machine, Barcode reader, Pen, Laptop, You and Me , Mouse, Mobile etc
More realistic way of programming 
Bottom Up approach 
Reusability is high
Flexibility is high

Example (in Java)
----------------------
class Student{
int id;
String name;
String collegeName;
String branch;

public void studentInfo() {
//logic for student info
}

public void studentMarks() {
    //logic to get marks
}

public int result(int marks1, int marks2, int marks3){
totalMarks= marks1+marks2+marks3;
return totalMarks;
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Student obj = new Student();    //object
obj.studentInfo();
obj.studentMarks();
obj.result(34,45,56);
Student s1 = new Student();
}
}


OOPS (Object Oriented Programming)
----------------------------------------------
**Concepts
=========
1. Class -      class is a blue print or template for creating objects - it is a group of similar type of objects - class helps to create objects 
2. Object       -     real world entity - memory is not allocated until object is created.     Objects have attributes and behavior 
attributes - characteristics which help us identify object, differentiate from others-- technically represented by data members or variables in a program
behavior - functionality - technically represented by methods
3. Abstraction -     hiding internal implementation details from the end user 
4. Encapsulation - Wrapping up of data members (variables) and member functions (methods in to        single unit  - like capsule - provides security to data 
5. Inheritance - Reusability concept - DRY concept (Don't Repeat Yourself) 
6. Polymorphism - Poly = many , morphos = forms ---> something existing in multiple forms


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